Extraction from nutmeg free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to illustrate the extraction of a solid natural product from its natural source by partition with the aid of an organic solvent. Extraction is the process by which a compound or mixtures of, is transferred by separation from one phase into another. In this case, the major triglyceride contains a single fatty acid identified as myristic acid. It is a substituent of the triglyceride called trimyristin, which embodies 20-25% of the dried weight of ground nutmeg we will eventually use in this experiment. The purpose of this lab is to extract trimyristin from nutmeg with the organic substance, diethyl ether, to evidently produce trimyristin with a small portion of myristicin (solid-liquid extraction). Also, it is good to know that due to impurity the best way purify the product of trimyristin is by recrystallization through hot acetone. NATURE OF REACTION: Power state Trimyristin Myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid) NATURE/MECHANISM OF REACTION: The temperature range should be between 56-57 Â °C. We will write a custom essay sample on Extraction from nutmeg or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The organic solvents that were used in the experiment were diethyl ether, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. It is advised to know that when ethyl acetate and water are mixed, the water will eventually separate into two distinct phases. Theoretical Yield, Percent Yield and Discussion: The weight of the product is determined to be 0.78g The weight of the mixture is determined to be 1.00g or The % yield is then calculated to be 78% Melting point of product (determined) = 50-51Â °C CONCLUSION: As seen from the discussion on the chemical composition of nutmeg, the most abundant individual compound in nutmeg is trimyristin, it is also evident that my yield percentage was certainly not 100. This is a result of a loss of the samples during the partition process, reflux, as well as recrystallization. Some excess in residue were probably disregarded. It was also proven that trimyristin is soluble in acetone, the substance we used for recrystallization. The relative abundance of trimyristin in nutmeg makes it a potentially necessary substance to partition.

The Sociology of Religion Aspects

Discussing the aspects of sociology of religion, it is necessary to refer to the religion as the social phenomenon when the religious groups can be determined and analyzed as any other social groups according to their specifics and goals. The sociology of religion as the sphere of knowledge is developed by sociologists in relation to their discussion of the issues of religion in its connection with the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Sociology of Religion Aspects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are a lot of problematic questions studied by sociologists in this field of knowledge which are associated with the nature of the people’s religious beliefs and realization of their religious practices in the social life. It is important to pay attention to the fact that religion as the concept within the sociology of religion is discussed and examined with the help of the scientific methods used in the field of sociology. However, the subject matter of such an examination is the people’s religious beliefs and practices. Thus, following Johnstone’s discussion, it is possible to state that sociology of religion can be defined as the study which focuses on determining and analyzing the people’s attitudes to the sacred notions, their beliefs and practices, and their visions of the definite sacred beings and events. There are questions about the relevance of discussing religion not as the individual choice or practice but as the social phenomenon studied by sociology of religion. Nevertheless, sociologists provide many arguments to support the idea that religion should be also examined in the context of sociology and that this subject is really important (Furseth). To support the vision, Johnstone analyzes Simmel’s considerations in relation to the issue and states that â€Å"society precedes religion. Before religion can develop, there must first e xist general patterns of social interaction – that is, a society – that can serve as a model† (Johnstone 30). Thus, it is possible to conclude that any religion cannot exist without society because it emerges within it. From this perspective, the subject is important because it refers to both the society as studied by sociology and people’s religious visions. It is important to concentrate on studying sociology of religion because religion develops according to the definite patterns of interactions used within the definite social group (Furseth). Furthermore, in his statement, Turner provides the answers to the questions about the nature of the sociology of religion and its importance. According to Turner, â€Å"religion refers to those processes and institutions that render the social world intelligible, and which bind individuals authoritatively into the social order.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion is therefore a matter of central importance to sociology† (Turner 284). Religion is important for the sociological studies because it is one of the major spheres of the people’s life, and it can influence the development of the social group in relation to determining the definite religious practices and rituals along with following the certain moral presumptions. The religious visions of different groups are also different. That is why, the study of the religious practices can provide researchers with the important information about this or that group of people as a kind of the social community. According to Turner, the examination of the religious phenomena among which it is possible to determine magic and myth can be effective for developing the sociological knowledge (Turner 284). In his turn, Johnstone states that religion is closely connected with studying the group dynamics as well the social impact that is why religion can be discussed as the subject matter of sociology (Johnstone 2). Moreover, the study of the members of the group and their interactions is significant to explain their religious beliefs, practices, and rituals. To understand the particular features of the social development, it is necessary to pay attention to the ideas and beliefs which are interesting for the representatives of the social groups at the spiritual level of their perception of the world. Sociologists are inclined to determine a lot of theories according to which the religious visions were developed and perceived by the public. It is necessary to accentuate the rational choice theory as the most appropriate one to explain the origins of religion from the sociological perspective. According to Johnstone, the rational choice theory is a theory that tries â€Å"to deal seriously with not only the persistence of religion but also the observation that some form of religion appears to be ubiquitous among societies, even if some individuals deny the validity of the religions that surround them† (Johnstone 36). In spite of the fact there are many opinions that the rational choice theory cannot be discussed as relevant to explain the origins of religion because of its rationality and appropriateness to refer to the economic processes rather than to the moral and spiritual choices, this theory is effective to discuss the people’s choice of religion as the conscious act to receive some benefits from this choice (Bruce).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Sociology of Religion Aspects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rational choice theory can be used to explain how people make the necessary choice in relation to their religious vision. People are inclined to act rationally in almost all the spheres of their life, basing on the definite personal or public’s experience (Corcoran). To make the choice, it is important to examine the situation and its implications with references to the positive and negative perspectives. Johnstone accentuates the fact that people make the similar rational choices also in relation to choosing the religion (Johnstone 36). This choice is based on the experience and on the proper examination of the information about different religions, their rituals, practices, and moral presumptions. Johnstone stresses that â€Å"people have a set of mental images stored in their brains with which they make decisions as rationally and sensibly as they know how† (Johnstone 36). From this point, it is necessary to concentrate on making the right choice because of the variety of the possible religious visions which exist in the contemporary world. Sociology of religion began to develop in the 19th century, and a lot of its aspects require their further discussion by researchers because of the significant controversy in vision of the main theories used in sociology of religion to explain its main ideas or the nature of the religion as a phenomenon. The characteristic feature of sociology of religion as the study discussing the people’s religious beliefs and attitudes to the sacred points is the dependence on the empirical information used to examine the main aspects of this sphere of knowledge. Thus, the religious concepts and the people’s beliefs and practices are examined with the help of the sociological methods which are rather scientific, and they allow speaking about religion as the social phenomenon which can be observed and studied with references to the definite social group. Works Cited Bruce, Steve. â€Å"Religion and Rational Choice: A Critique of Economic Explanations of Religious Behavior†. Sociology of Religion 54.2 (1993): 193-205. Print. Corcoran, Katie. â€Å"Religious Human Capital Revisited: Testing the Effect of Religious Human Capital on Religious Participation†. Rationality and Soci ety 24.3 (2012): 343-379. Print. Furseth, Inger. An Introduction to the Sociology of Religion: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives. USA: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Johnstone, Ronald. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. USA: Pearson, Prentice-Hall, 2007. Print. Turner, Bryan. â€Å"The Sociology of Religion†. The SAGE Handbook of Sociology. Ed. Craig Calhoun. USA: SAGE, 2006. 284-300. Print. This essay on The Sociology of Religion Aspects was written and submitted by user Tabitha Leon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing a Paper For Credit: A Step by Step Process

Writing a Paper For Credit: A Step by Step ProcessIn order to write a paper for credit, you need to learn the proper techniques of writing a paper. A great paper is one that is well written, concise, and concise. There are many steps that go into creating a good paper. When you begin to learn how to write a paper for credit, you will be better prepared to apply for loans or grants that require a paper.When you take the time to read over a sample essay, you will find that there are several different types of essay topics. This means that you will want to make sure that you consider all of the different steps that will need to be taken in order to write a successful paper. The main step that is included in the process of writing a paper for credit is organization.You need to know how to organize your notes in order to make sure that you have the complete details. You need to know that not everything that you write down must be read at once. This is especially true when it comes to putt ing together facts and figures. Make sure that you know how to write a paper for credit with this in mind.In order to make sure that you have all of the complete details, you need to know how to organize your ideas. This will involve making sure that you take the time to think about what you are going to write and why you are writing it. When you look over a sample essay, you will see that there are some details that you cannot include if you do not understand the purpose of the paper. When you have enough information, you can include these details as they relate to your project.You will want to make sure that you have completed the outline for your essay. This means that you will want to know how to set out a paper properly and how to get all of the facts in order. When you write an essay for credit, you will also want to know how to write a paper for credit. This means that you will want to pay attention to where the grammar and punctuation are placed in your paper.You will want t o know how to format your essay in a way that makes it easy to read. When you have enough information, you can include these details in the order that you see fit. If you do not use careful formatting, you may want to ask a professional writer to help you.When you put together the beginning and the end of the essay, you will want to take time to think about the key points and what they mean to you. You should also take the time to write the conclusion of your essay so that you are able to give a clear explanation of the things that you discussed in the middle of your paper. When you take the time to understand the steps involved in the writing process, you will be able to get ready to write a paper for credit.Writing an essay for credit is a great idea because you will be able to write a paper that you are proud of. You will also be able to learn some valuable tips that you can put to use in the future. You should be able to gain a lot from the experience that you have and this is j ust one step in the process.

exam answer Essay

exam answer Essay exam answer Essay Semester 2, 2007 Exam Question 1: (a) Financial report disclosure and AGM (5 marks) Pierce Pty Ltd was formed recently. During Pierce Pty Ltd’s first year of operations it hired 75 employees and was expected to be extremely profitable this year. Its three shareholders and respective shareholdings are Burns owns 4% of Pierce Pty Ltd’s shares; Donovan Ltd owns 76% of Pierce Pty Ltd’s shares; and McIntyre Pty Ltd owns 20% of Pierce Pty Ltd’s shares. Burns was concerned when Pierce Pty Ltd’s directors told him that it would not send him a financial report. In addition, Burns was also worried that Pierce Pty Ltd would not have an annual general meeting (AGM) even though Burns asked for one to be called. Burns particularly wanted to use the AGM to force Pierce Pty Ltd to use less polluting practices in its production processes. Explain whether Pierce Pty Ltd must give Burns its current annual financial report and hold the AGM to vote on the pollution reduction issue Burns was concerned with. Burns desires to view the Pierce’s financial report and hold an AGM, thus the issue in this case deals with the requirements in the Corporations Act on annual financial report and general meetings for private companies. Annual Financial Report: Large proprietary companies are required to disclose financial reports under s.292(1). However, small proprietary companies are not required to prepare audited financial reports unless directed to do so by shareholders holding 5% or more of the voting shares (s.293). Pierce have 75 employees which satisfies one of the criteria under s.45A(2) to establish a small proprietary company. Assuming that ‘extremely profitable’ does not mean that the company earn more than $25 million revenue and that their assets are less than $12.5 million in value then the company can be assumed to be a small proprietary company, otherwise, if it satisfy one more criteria, it is a large company. Thus, as a small proprietary company, he is unable to direct the company to prepare audited financial reports as he only has 4% of the voting shares, unless he can convince another shareholder. However, as a large company, they are required to prepare financial reports. Annual general meeting: Under s.250N, only public companies are required to hold annual general meetings, whereas proprietary companies are not required unless their constitution requires it. Subsequently, as Burns does not have more than 5% of the voting shares, he is unable to call and arrange a general meeting under s.249F. Among other things, without having more than 5% of the voting shares, Burns can’t give a company notice of a resolution that they propose to move at a general meeting. Under s.249Q, a general meeting must be held for a proper purpose which the proposed meeting by Burns was not as it seeks to interfere with the directors’ exclusive power to manage the company’s business (NRMA v Parker). Conclusion: Burns will not be able to force Pierce to provide annual financial reports and to hold a general meeting due to his lack of voting shares and also that the meeting was for an improper purpose. (b) Altering constitution and Share expropriation (5 marks) Donovan Ltd operated a successful toy importing business. Its directors recently discovered that 10% of its shares were owned by Sleazy who was a convicted child molester. Fearing that Donovan Ltd’s wholesome reputation would suffer if Sleazy’s shareholding became common knowledge, the directors considered the following proposals (i) call a shareholders’ meeting to insert a new clause in Donovan Ltd’s constitution forcing any shareholder with a criminal conviction to sell their shares to the other shareholders. (ii) call a shareholders’ meeting to pass a resolution reducing the company’s capital by cancelling Sleazy’s shares and paying him the issue price. Explain how case law or the Corporations Act operates in relation to both of the proposals The issue

Pizza Hut Restaurants Chain within the UK Analysed with Marketing Mix Assignment

Pizza Hut Restaurants Chain within the UK Analysed with Marketing Mix Elements - Assignment Example After passing several phases, today the chain is one of the well-established pizza chains of the world. Pizza Hut is the world’s leading pizza chain presently operating approximately at 13,000 locations in more than 90 countries. The chain, started by only two brothers, today has links in more than 90 countries across the world with more than 30,000 employees are working day and night (Yahoo Finance). Today it is entertaining more than 171,000 customers by serving 97,000 pizzas per day in the United Kingdom alone. Financially, Pizza Hut is one of the largest pizza chains as in 2007; it sold 35.4 million pizzas in the UK. During 2010, among other companies of Yum, Pizza Hut went from worst to first in its value ratings (Yum Annual Report, 2010). Pizza Hut provides a huge variety of pizza items in different tastes and flavours which is comprised of its flagship Pan Pizza, stuffed crust pizza, Sicilian Pizza, pasta, snacks, and diversified nature of soft, hot and cold beverages. Beside these items, the chain also offers salads, pasta, and sandwiches. The new Pizza Hut branch will operate at Cambridge, therefore, in order to attract the young generation and student of Cambridge University, Pizza Hut is going to introduce ‘Youth Pizza’, one of the most appealing pizza of the company’s history. The main objectives of new Pizza Hut Restaurant are listed below. †¢ To attract the target market by producing innovative products of extra-large size of pizza and other items and make them to remain loyal with the Cambridge restaurant †¢ To collect a fairly healthy amount of revenue so that restaurant remain in competition To catch a preferable double figure profit margin To create an innovative, peaceful, respectful, and enthusiastic working environment To make and maintain strong customer relationships with local community to gain their loyalty on permanent basis 2. Pizza Hut Marketing Mix Pizza Hut will carry out its operations by introducing and developing innovative products in rapidly changing local fast food industry. The new restaurant will invest heavily in research to discover the innovative trends and demands through public surveys and questionnaire. By compiling a substantial database, necessary improvements will be done and therefore Pizza Hut will ensure that it will pay attention to its customers’ need and their demand regularly. A trend of UK customers to eat the pizza food is presented in the chart as Appendix-I while the external and internal factors which may affect the performance of Pizza Hut are discussed in Appendix-II and Appendix-III as PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis respectively. 2.1 Product Pizza Hut Restaurant has a well sorted plan to launch exclusive products to remain prominent from the style of other competitors of UK fast food industry especially in Cambridge. The menu of Pizza Hut will be centered on a variety of dishes that will include a variety of burgers and pizzas, Cheesy Bites, Stuffed Crust, French fries, chips, snacks, and a variety of sauces and salads. The most

How do cultural factors influence a Multi National Company's decisions Essay

How do cultural factors influence a Multi National Company's decisions on location selection and organizational structure for it - Essay Example Transformation firms that differ significantly from national and international firms are making the later firms, are making them accountable to global markets and economic settings. Because of globalization effect, the state ability to regulate its economic activities is declining rapidly, while global markets increase in their dominance over national economic policies. These policies have to be aligned in a way that guarantees multinational companies and competitive advantage. Globalization has created ways for opportunities for increasing number of businesses to cross their countrywide borders and enlarge their market share, lessen expenses, as well as improve proficiency. Multinational companies are going global mainly because, of market saturation in the parent country; they look for new markets to bit competition. The multinational companies take advantage of the economies of scale in the targeted country to increase their business by gaining more stable profits. This as a resul t has led to increased growth of international movement of products and services rapidly. Cultural factors influence a Multi-National Company's decisions on location selection Cultural factors affect both the brand appearance and affect the structural organization of the company ranging from the management of workers, the sales of the product and the gratification of the consumers. Organizational structure has to be adjustable so that it can meet the cultural aspects in areas with varied cultures. According to research, culture comprises of a set of dogmas, moral principles, language, customs as well as laws apprehended in mutual by a country, a society, or other distinct group of individuals (Haleblian, McNamara and Davison, 2009). Currently, with many refugees in various nations worldwide, there is a wide range of cultural diversity, religious views, traditions as well as ethics, reflecting the dispersed basis of the people. Organizational culture is referred to as a pattern of mu tual understanding s around which action is organized. Alternatively, it can be taken to imply a scheme of knowledge, of standards for remarking, considering, appraising, and acting that serve to associate human societies to their environmental settings. From statistics, there has been an increase in developments in the area of transport and communications, which have made the universe a global community. Accordingly, there has been a reduction of trade barriers because of the presence free trade zones in a significant number of nations (Beamish and Lupton, 2009). However, despite the fact that there has been the lessening in trade blockades to entering new global markets, there are still various complications. Managers who deal with multinational organizations currently encounter an exterior setting that is rapidly altering multilayered, unreliable and dynamically competitive. Multinational organizations can help in the creation of competitive benefits; although only under particul ar conditions. It is of great significance to note that, issues that relate to diverse groups within the workforce are complex and delicate to handle. Therefore, this means that without substantial understanding of the diverse organizational and socioeconomic as well as cultural factors, multinational corporations may not flourish in taking full benefit of the existing resources and chances (Porter, 1998). Therefore, the practices of

Military's last barrier to Equality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military's last barrier to Equality - Essay Example I agree with author that in the current environment of gender equality, there is urgent need to rescind the restrictions on women in combat positions. Indeed, women must have the freedom to choose the area of military services where they want to serve, even if they are dominated by men. McSally has justifiably pointed out that if women can be employed in combat positions in Iraq and Afghanistan, they have the right to those positions in their home ground also. Women have amply shown that they are capable of competing with their counterparts in the battle areas also. In Iraq and Afghanistan, they have won medals for bravery and served in various combat areas like frontline battle where they have killed enemies and have also sacrificed their lives for a better world; at checkpoints they have searched women and children for weapons and last but not the least is that have successfully carried their responsibility of acting as agent in counterinsurgency plans. These are all important area s of combat positions that have been successfully breached by women soldiers. Hence, they have earned the rights to serve in these areas in their country also. Interestingly, the decision to restrict entry for women in various areas of military services like infantry, artillery, tank, special services and other specialty areas is not due to any law passed by Congress. It is in fact, the decisions of Department of Defense that have not been updated to keep with changing times. Author asserts that Mike Mullen, Chairman of Joint Chief of Staff, has realized that contemporary environment is highly vulnerable to explosive situations like terrorist acts of violence and ‘everyone is in a combat zone’. Thus combat related military policies need to be reviewed. National security advisor to President Obama has also stated that ‘women are already serving in combat [in Iraq and Afghanistan] and current policy should be updated to reflect realities on the ground’. These are important indicators to change and would encourage inclusion of women in combat positions in American military. Recently President Obama had passed the strictures to allow homosexuals within the military services. This was the most radical but much needed initiative that hugely supports the concept of equal opportunity for all. The court of law had intervened in the area of defense to ensure that constitutional rights of citizens is not flouted in the garb of social sanctity to various modes of sexuality. Sexual equality has indeed come of age and it is fervently believed that department of defense would now pave way for women in areas that were hitherto restricted for them. The ban of women in various positions and areas of military were broadly based on flimsy excuses. It was believed that ‘their position could disrupt cohesion, may create sexual tension, there will be insurmountable privacy issues; they don’t (as a class) have what it takes†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ etc. T hese are feeble reasons to promote gender differentiation. They lower the esteem of not only American military but also that of American constitution that thrives on freedom of individuals to choose and their right to equal opportunities in all areas of work. President Obama has often emphasized that justice, fairness and equal rights for all must become a ground reality. It is hoped that the same would also be implemented within the various areas of military services and allow women access